Which of the following can help protect against pathogens?

A diverse microbiome plays a crucial role in protecting against pathogens due to its ability to outcompete harmful microorganisms for resources and space within the host. A well-balanced and varied microbiome enhances the immune system's response and overall gut health, which are critical in preventing infections. The presence of different microbial species can produce substances that inhibit pathogen growth and enhance the host's immune responses.

In contrast, antibiotic overuse tends to disrupt the natural microbiome, potentially leading to decreased diversity and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can compromise the body's defense mechanisms. Lack of exercise is associated with a weakened immune system, and increased sugar consumption may promote inflammation and compromise immune function, making the body more susceptible to infections. Thus, maintaining a diverse microbiome is vital for building and sustaining effective protection against pathogenic threats.