How does Bacillus anthracis primarily spread to humans?

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, primarily spreads to humans through contact with animal sources. This bacterium is commonly found in certain livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans are at risk of infection when they handle products derived from infected animals, such as meat, hides, or wool. Furthermore, individuals who work closely with animals, such as in farming or veterinary roles, are particularly vulnerable to exposure.

The spread is not typically through contaminated water, as anthrax spores are resilient and can persist in the environment rather than being linked to water sources. Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare, as anthrax is not transmitted by casual human contact. While inhalation of aerosols represents a significant threat, particularly in some industrial contexts or bioterrorism scenarios, the most common route of transmission remains through animal sources. This understanding is crucial for implementing appropriate preventive measures in both agricultural settings and public health policies.